The Encyclopedia of Comparative Jurisprudence and Law

Islamic legal systems have historically been influenced by various factors, and one of the most significant of these factors is international law. The development and evolution of these systems cannot be fully understood without considering the role of international law. In this article, we examine the impact of international law on the development of Islamic legal systems and analyze this topic using credible sources. In sum, international law plays a crucial role in the development of Islamic legal systems, and a detailed analysis of this role can help us better understand and develop these systems. We hope that further studies and thorough analyses will help in the development of Islamic legal systems and provide suitable strategies for aligning these systems with international law.

This article examines the impact of Islamic laws on food security and agricultural development using verses from the Quran and hadiths of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (AS). Food security and agricultural development are vital issues in Islamic societies, where Islamic laws and regulations play a significant role in their enhancement. The study first reviews the concept of food security from the perspective of international organizations and Islam, and then elucidates the importance of agriculture in Islamic teachings with emphasis on Quranic verses and hadiths of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (AS). Additionally, it examines Islamic jurisprudence related to agriculture, such as the revival of barren lands and the role of zakat and khums in agricultural development. The practical effects of Islamic laws on food security and agriculture are analyzed through successful examples in Islamic countries and the review of successful policies in this area. Finally, the challenges faced by Islamic societies in agriculture and food security and practical solutions for improving the current situation are presented. The findings of this study indicate that Islamic laws can play a crucial role in enhancing food security and agricultural development, and ongoing research in this field can contribute to the formulation of more comprehensive and effective policies.

The conservation of natural resources and sustainable development are critical issues in the modern era. This article examines the roles of E.F. Schumacher and Seyyed Hossein Nasr's perspectives in this context. Schumacher, with his philosophy of "Small is Beautiful," advocates for local development and the use of appropriate technologies, believing that the economy should serve people. Conversely, Nasr emphasizes a return to traditional Islamic values, viewing environmental conservation as a religious and ethical duty. A case study of the Kalimantan Rainforest Conservation Project in Indonesia illustrates that integrating technical knowledge with spiritual values can lead to effective natural resource conservation and sustainable development. The findings of this article suggest that Schumacher and Nasr's perspectives can guide environmental policy-making. This article recommends future research to explore the practical application of these thinkers' perspectives in various environmental projects and to conduct comparative studies with other environmental philosophers.

This article provides a comparative analysis of foreign investment laws using the theories of David Ricardo and Imam Ali (AS). Initially, David Ricardo's theories on the principle of comparative advantage and its impact on foreign investment are examined. Subsequently, the economic principles of Imam Ali (AS), including social and economic justice, support for domestic production, and emphasis on ethical and human principles in trade and investment, are analyzed. The next section offers a comparative analysis of these two perspectives, highlighting their commonalities and differences. The findings suggest that Ricardo's theories can enhance productivity and attract foreign investment, but may exacerbate economic and social inequalities. In contrast, the principles of Imam Ali (AS) can reduce inequalities and create a stable and fair environment for investment, though they may increase production costs. Based on these findings, suggestions for combining these approaches are presented so that countries can benefit from both. This study indicates that combining free trade policies and support for domestic production with an emphasis on ethical principles can lead to sustainable economic development and attract foreign investment.

This article examines the impact of Thomas Hobbes' and Imam Ali's (AS) theories on immigration policies in Islamic and non-Islamic countries. Thomas Hobbes, through his theories of absolute government and social contract, provided philosophical foundations for Western states to implement stringent immigration policies. These perspectives prioritize security and order as the main functions of the state. In contrast, Imam Ali (AS), emphasizing justice, human rights, and ethics, laid theoretical foundations for Islamic states to structure their immigration policies based on principles of justice and fairness. This paper explores immigration policies in Iran and Turkey as examples of Islamic countries, and the United States and European countries as examples of non-Islamic countries. The findings indicate that immigration policies based on Hobbes' theories have managed to maintain security and order to some extent but face human rights challenges. Conversely, immigration policies inspired by Imam Ali's (AS) theories have provided favorable conditions for migrants but need to strengthen their security and order management. This study suggests that successful immigration policies should balance security needs and human rights.

The topic of population policies is one of the most significant social and economic discussions in various societies. In this context, the role of Islamic jurisprudence in shaping and determining these policies in Muslim communities is of great importance. This letter examines how Islamic jurisprudence influences population policies and referring to relevant academic sources. Islamic jurisprudence, with its principles and rules, can be an effective guide for formulating population policies. One of the most important topics in Islamic jurisprudence is family planning and population control. This issue is especially important in Islamic countries facing various demographic challenges. Further research and studies in this area can contribute to formulating more effective and efficient population policies in Muslim societies. It is hoped that this letter has illuminated part of this important role and contributed to the academic and social discussions on this topic.

This article examines the role of the jurisprudential thoughts of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (A.S.) in the economic development of Islamic countries. Utilizing the verses of the Quran and Hadiths, economic principles such as justice, equitable distribution of wealth, the importance of Zakat and charity, and the role of work and production are analyzed. The first section outlines the theoretical economic foundations in the Quran and the perspectives of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (A.S.). The second section explores the impact of these thoughts on economic development, emphasizing the significance of justice and Zakat in wealth distribution and reducing economic disparities. Additionally, the importance of work and production in the Islamic economic system is discussed. The third section provides a comparative analysis of the application of jurisprudential thoughts in contemporary Islamic countries, including Iran, Turkey, and Malaysia, and examines their economic successes. Finally, the challenges and obstacles to economic development in Islamic countries are identified, and jurisprudential-based solutions to address these challenges are proposed. The results indicate that implementing the jurisprudential thoughts of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (A.S.) can contribute to sustainable economic development and social justice in Islamic countries. Practical recommendations for economic policymakers and suggestions for future research are also provided in this article.

This article conducts a comparative analysis of the theories of John Maynard Keynes and Ali Shariati and their impacts on economic development in Islamic and non-Islamic countries. Keynes, as the founder of modern macroeconomics, emphasized the role of government in the economy and the importance of effective demand, playing a significant role in managing economic crises in non-Islamic countries such as the United States, Japan, and Germany. On the other hand, Shariati, focusing on social and economic justice and the role of religion in development, provided a native and Islamic model for economic development, which has been considered in Islamic countries such as Iran, Turkey, and Malaysia. This article examines case studies of these countries, providing a comparative analysis of the outcomes and implications of implementing the theories of Keynes and Shariati under different conditions. It demonstrates that each of these theories can be effectively used as tools for economic and social development. Finally, suggestions for future research are offered, focusing on further comparative analysis, examining successful and unsuccessful experiences, and analyzing the role of local culture and values in implementing economic policies.