Conditions for the Application of Equity in Contracts and Non-Contractual Obligations
Keywords:
Fairness, contractual obligations, non-contractual obligations, loss, unfair contractAbstract
Equity refers to behavior aligned with the moral conscience of society in the context of judicial decision-making and the implementation of legal rules. Objectives such as the protection of the weaker party in contracts, safeguarding individuals unaware of legal provisions and subject matter, supporting indigent individuals, recognizing benevolent actors, and preventing the abuse of legal rights lead to the intervention of equity in both contracts and non-contractual obligations. This study, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, poses the following question: What are the conditions for the application of equity in contracts and non-contractual obligations? The findings indicate that, in principle, the factors that render contracts inequitable are the very same conditions under which equity intervenes and exerts its effect. These conditions in contractual settings are as follows: (1) inequality of bargaining positions between the parties, which may occur in circumstances such as duress, lack of familiarity with legal concepts, or absence of freedom of choice; (2) exploitation of the unequal position; and (3) deriving benefit or avoiding loss through such exploitation. If all three of the above conditions are met, the contract is deemed inequitable, and equity is invoked to protect the weaker contracting party. Furthermore, according to the study, the conditions for the application of the principle of equity in non-contractual obligations include: (1) unintentional causation of harm; and (2) the presence of justifying factors for the occurrence of harm.
Downloads
References
Abedian, M., & Amid, H. (2006). Comparative Study of the Enforceability of Penal Clauses in Contracts Persian Dictionary (Single Volume). Specialized Journal of Razavi University of Islamic Sciences (Theology and Law)(19).
Ancel, M. (1996). Social Defense. University of Tehran Press.
Ansari, M. (2000). Kitab al-Makasib (Vol. 3). Majma al-Fikr al-Islami.
Badini, H., & Eslami Farsani, A. (2013). The Role of Equity in Civil Liability. Comparative Legal Research Journal(3).
Beatson, J. (1998). Anson's Law of Contract. Oxford University Press.
Birhs, P. (2000). English Private Law (Vol. II).
Eisenberg, M. A. (1982). The Bargaining Principle and Its Limits. Harvard Law Review, 95.
Ellinghaus, M. P. (1968). In Defense of Unconscionability. Yale Law Journal, 78.
Emami, S. H. (2024). Civil Law (Vol. 1). Islamieh Publications.
Falcon, Y. (2008). Equity and Law. Martinus Nijhoff, Publishers.
Farahidi, K. (1993). Kitab al-Ain (Vol. 2). Osveh Publications.
Ghafi, H. (2004). The Nature and Validity of Adhesion Contracts. Islamic Law Quarterly(2).
Ghazali, A. H. M., & Hossein, K. (1977). Revival of the Sciences. Iran Cultural Foundation.
Guest, a. G. (1994). Anson s Law of Contract.
Hur Ameli, M. i. H. (1999). Wasa'il al-Shia (Vol. 15). Islamieh Bookstore.
Ibn Manzur, M. i. M. (1988). Lisan al-Arab. Dar al-Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
Katouzian, N. (2014). The Role of Justice and Equity in Iranian Law. Vakil Modafeh Journal(11-12).
Katouzian, N. (2018). Liability for Defective Products (Vol. 2). Ganj Danesh Publications.
Katouzian, N. (2023). Introductory Course on Civil Law: Family Law Civil Law: Specific Contracts (Reciprocal Transactions - Proprietary Contracts) (Vol. 1). Mizan Publications Ganj Danesh Publications.
Katouzian, N., & Abbaszadeh, M. H. (2013). Good Faith in Iranian Law. Private Law Studies Quarterly, 43(3).
Kazempour, S. J. (2011). Unfairness in Contracts: Components and Analysis. Judiciary Legal Quarterly, 75(75).
Martin, E. (1997). Oxford Dictionary of Law. Oxford University Press.
Mohaghegh Damad, S. M. (2023). Jurisprudential Rules: Civil Section (2). SAMT Publications.
Mousavi Bojnourdi, S. M. (2006). The Role of Ethics in Jurisprudence and Law. Matin Research Journal(31).
Mousavi Khomeini, S. R. (2001). Tahrir al-Wasilah. Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works.
Najafi, M. H. (1981). Jawahir al-Kalam (Vol. 22). Dar al-Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
Naraqi, M. A. (2004). Mustanad al-Shia fi Ahkam al-Sharia (Vol. 4).
Safaei, S. H., & Emami, A. (1982). A Concise Guide to Family Law. Mizan Publications.
Sanhouri, A. R. A. (1998). Al-Wasit fi Sharh al-Qanun al-Madani al-Jadid. Al-Halabi Legal Publications.
Shahid Thani, Z. a.-D. i. A. (1990). Al-Rawdah al-Bahiyyah fi Sharh al-Lum'ah al-Dimashqiyyah (Vol. 2). Majd Publications.
Shahidi, M. (1983). Formation of Contracts and Obligations (Civil Law, Vol. 1). Majd Publications.
Shiravi, A. (2002). The Theory of Unfairness and Unconscionability of Contractual Terms in Common LawJO - Higher Education Complex of Qom. 4(14).
Tabatabai Yazdi, S. M. K. (2002). Commentary on Kitab al-Makasib (Vol. 2). Dar al-Mustafa al-Ihya al-Turath.
Treitel, G. H. (2000). The Law of Contract. Sweet & Maxwell.
Tusi, M. i. H. (2008). Al-Mabsut fi Fiqh al-Imamiyyah (Vol. 6). Al-Maktabah al-Murtazawiyyah al-Ihya Athar al-Jafariyyah.
Downloads
Published
Submitted
Revised
Accepted
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 1403 سعيد مرادى (نویسنده); عليرضا نواريان; محمدباقر قربانوند (نویسنده)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
