Examples and Effects of Defects of Consent in Contracts in Iran, England, and Egypt
Keywords:
Defects, Defects of Consent, Iranian Law, English LawAbstract
Defects of consent refer to particular circumstances that undermine the validity or diminish the effectiveness of intention and consent, and consequently affect the validity of the contract itself. This study examines the examples and effects of defects of consent in Iran, England, and Egypt through a descriptive, analytical, and comparative method. The findings indicate that duress and mistake are recognized as the two principal defects of consent in all three legal systems under study. Fraudulent misrepresentation is explicitly recognized as a defect of consent in English and Egyptian law; however, in Iranian law, it may implicitly be regarded as a defect of consent. Undue influence is considered an independent category of defect of consent in English law, whereas in Iranian and Egyptian law some of its manifestations may be treated as forms of duress and therefore classified as defects of consent. The effect of duress in all three jurisdictions is the possibility of annulment. The general effect of mistake in English law is nullity, whereas in Iranian and Egyptian law a distinction must be drawn between different types and situations of mistake. Fraudulent misrepresentation is not formally categorized as a defect of consent in Iranian law; nevertheless, due to its close relationship with mistake, it substantively results in impairment of consent. The possibility of claiming damages in cases of fraudulent misrepresentation under English law, as well as the imposition of limitations on actions arising from defects of consent in Egyptian law, may constitute practical solutions capable of application within the Iranian legal system regarding defects of consent.
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