Systematization of Contextual Indicators in Comparative Principles of Jurisprudence and Their Function in the Process of Ijtihad
Keywords:
contextual indicators (qarā’in), systematization, inference (istizhar), secondary appearance, classification of indicators, ijtihad algorithm, comparative principles of Islamic jurisprudenceAbstract
Contextual indicators (qarā’in), as interpretive and situational elements, play a fundamental role in discovering the intent of the Lawgiver and in structuring verbal implications throughout the process of ijtihad (jurisprudential reasoning). Despite the significance of these components, discussions related to contextual indicators in both Imāmī (Shi‘a) and Sunni uṣūl al-fiqh (principles of Islamic jurisprudence) are often fragmented, lacking structural coherence, and remain unsuitable for systematic application. The present study, aiming to design a stage-based and operational framework, seeks to present an integrated model grounded in the shared principles of both schools, thereby clarifying the position of each indicator in the formation of apparent meaning (ẓuhūr), the preference of interpretations, the synthesis of evidences, and the activation of procedural principles (uṣūl ‘amaliyya). The research method is analytical-comparative, employing both historical and structural examinations of contextual indicators across four evolutionary phases of uṣūl al-fiqh. From this examination, three common jurisprudential principles are extracted: the foundational principle (contextual indicators are a necessary condition for the realization of valid apparent meaning), the structural principle (classification of indicators into connected, disconnected, situational, and rational types), and the functional principle (the presence of contextual indicators at all levels of implication). Based on these foundations, a sixfold classification of indicators has been developed, encompassing origin (scriptural, rational, customary, sensory), form (verbal or nonverbal), connection (connected or disconnected), strength of effect (definitive or presumptive), semantic function (restrictive, explanatory, determinative, personal, generic), and jurisprudential application (contextual or complementary). A four-stage model is also proposed, organizing the movement of contextual indicators through the phases of primary appearance, secondary appearance, interaction of evidences, and procedural principles. The findings indicate that contextual indicators present at the moment of speech issuance form the basis of the primary appearance, while complementary indicators function in the subsequent stage by influencing restriction, specification, preference of meaning, and harmonization among evidences according to customary understanding. A case analysis of the issue of the purity of the People of the Book confirms the practical efficiency of this framework in analyzing complex jurisprudential problems, demonstrating that the proposed theory enhances both the precision of legal derivation and the coherence of the ijtihad process.
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