Analysis of Jurisprudential and Historical Foundations of the Distinction Between Shar’i Ta'zir Punishments and Deterrent Punishments in the Penal Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Keywords:
Sharia punishments, deterrent punishments, Shiite jurisprudence, criminal policy, Islamic Republic of Iran, jurisprudential foundationsAbstract
This article analyzes the jurisprudential and historical foundations underlying the distinction between shar’i ta'zir punishments and deterrent punishments within the penal policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The primary objective of this research is to elucidate the theoretical and practical origins of these two penal institutions and to examine their implications for Iran’s legislative and judicial systems. The research method employed in this study is descriptive-analytical and is based on the examination of jurisprudential sources, hadiths, juristic opinions (fatāwā), and a comparative analysis of Iran’s criminal laws. The findings of the study indicate that shar’i ta'zir punishments are grounded in scriptural texts and jurisprudential reasoning, and apply to offenses for which no specific ḥadd punishment is prescribed in Islamic law. The determination of the type and severity of punishment in these cases, while adhering to the principles of Sharia and reformative considerations, lies within the discretion of the Islamic ruler. In contrast, deterrent punishments are established based on considerations of public interest and governmental necessity, with the aim of maintaining public order and social security. Their legitimacy is derived from the authority of the Islamic ruler and the doctrine of Wilāyat al-Faqīh (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist). The historical analysis reveals that the separation and distinction between shar’i ta'zir and deterrent punishments is not a phenomenon that emerged abruptly with the Islamic Revolution or its aftermath in Iranian penal policy. Rather, this distinction has deep historical roots and is interwoven with the fabric of Shi'a jurisprudence and governmental jurisprudence (fiqh ḥukūmatī), evolving in response to the need for addressing newly arising criminal phenomena.
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