مشروعیت و آثار حقوقی بینالمللی حمله به تأسیسات صلحآمیز هستهای: مطالعه موردی تأسیسات فردو
کلمات کلیدی:
توسل به زور, دفاع مشروع, تأسیسات هستهای صلحآمیز, مسئولیت بینالمللی دولتها, عدم اشاعهچکیده
این مقاله مشروعیت و آثار بینالمللی حمله نظامی به تأسیسات صلحآمیز هستهای را با مطالعه موردی تأسیسات فردو ارزیابی میکند. سؤال اصلی آن است که چنین حملهای از منظر منشور ملل متحد و حقوق بشردوستانه چه وضعیتی دارد و چه پیامدهایی برای مسئولیت دولت مهاجم و رژیم عدم اشاعه بهجا میگذارد. چارچوب نظری بر اصل منع توسل به زور، ضرورت و تناسب در دفاع مشروع، اصل تفکیک، و تعهدات ناشی از معاهده عدم اشاعه و پادمانهای آژانس استوار است. روش تحقیق، تحلیلی–تطبیقی و مبتنی بر اسناد بینالمللی، آراء دیوان بینالمللی دادگستری و رویه شورای امنیت است. یافتهها نشان میدهد حمله مزبور فاقد مبنای معتبر حقوقی بوده و نقض همزمان منشور، قواعد بشردوستانه و تعهدات عدماشاعه است و مسئولیت بینالمللی گستردهای ایجاد میکند. مقاله در پایان پیشنهادهایی هنجاری و نهادی برای صیانت از مصونیت تأسیسات صلحآمیز ارائه میدهد.
دانلودها
مراجع
Bannelier, K. (2024). Use of Force against Nuclear Facilities and International Stability: Legal Limits and Policy Risks. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 73(3), 615-642.
Bethlehem, D. (2023). Principles Relevant to the Scope of a State’s Right of Self-Defense against an Imminent or Actual Armed Attack. American Journal of International Law, 117(1), 76-89.
Boisson de Chazournes, L. (2016). The IAEA and the NPT: Balancing Rights and Obligations. In J. Black-Branch & D. Fleck (Eds.), Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law – Volume II (pp. 23-45). Springer.
Boisson de Chazournes, L. (2023). International Legal Stability and the Use of Force: Between Normativity and Practice. European Journal of International Law, 34(4), 1017-1043.
Cassese, A. (2022). International Law (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Castelli, L. (2023). Justifying Attacks on Nuclear Facilities. Defence & Peace Economics. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2024.2301883
Crawford, J. (2013). State Responsibility: The General Part. Cambridge University Press.
Dupuy, P.-M., & Viñuales, J. E. (2018). International Environmental Law (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Geiß, R., & Pejić, J. (2022). Proportionality and Environmental Harm in Contemporary IHL. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 25, 211-235.
Gray, C. (2023). International Law and the Use of Force (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Greenwood, C. (2023). Restraining the Expansion of Self-Defence: Revisiting Article 51 of the UN Charter. Leiden Journal of International Law, 36(4), 945-957.
Hayashi, N. (2023). Nuclear Facilities and the Principle of Distinction: Revisiting IHL Protection in Contemporary Armed Conflict. International Review of the Red Cross, 105(923), 845-867.
Hibbs, M. (2023). Iran’s Fordow Facility: Between Civil Use and Strategic Suspicion.
International Atomic Energy, A. (2023). Protection of Nuclear Facilities during Armed Conflict: Report of the Director General.
International Atomic Energy, A. (2024). Verification and Monitoring in the Islamic Republic of Iran in Light of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 (2015).
International Committee of the Red Cross. (2023). Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (Updated ed.). International Committee of the Red Cross.
Joyner, D. H. (2023). International Law and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Oxford University Press.
Kecskés, G. (2024). The Protection of Nuclear Installations in Time of Armed Conflict. Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law, 64(4), 508.
Kivimäki, T. (2022). The Legality and Ethics of Striking Civilian Nuclear Facilities. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 27(3), 401-420.
Mahdavi, H., & Faraji, N. (2023). Examining the Scope and Limits of Self-Defence in Light of the United Nations Charter and Its Application in Confronting Nuclear Threats. International Legal Journal of the Center for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency, 19(72), 45-72.
Nasiri, A. (2022). States' Obligations within the Framework of International Atomic Energy Agency Safeguards Agreements. University of Tehran Legal Research Journal, 54(2), 115-142.
O’Connell, M. E. (2023a). Necessity and Proportionality in the Law on Self-Defence. Leiden Journal of International Law, 36(2), 243-266.
O’Connell, M. E. (2023b). The Prohibition on the Use of Force: Still Foundational after 75 Years. International Review of the Red Cross, 105(923), 765-784.
Persbo, A. (2024). Protecting Nuclear Facilities during Armed Conflict: Lessons from Zaporizhzhia. Arms Control Today, 54(2), 12-18.
Rublee, M. R. (2024a). Revisiting the Norm against Attacks on Nuclear Facilities: The Enduring Relevance of UNSC Resolution 487. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 29(2), 233-257.
Rublee, M. R. (2024b). Trust and Cooperation in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime: Reassessing Security and Legitimacy. Global Governance, 30(1), 45-68.
Ruys, T. (2022a). Armed Attack and Article 51 of the UN Charter Revisited: The Law of Self-Defence against Non-State Actors (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Ruys, T. (2022b). Revisiting the Notion of ‘Armed Attack’ in Article 51 of the UN Charter. European Journal of International Law, 33(4), 1037-1058.
Ruys, T. (2023). The Grey Zone between Self-Defence and Collective Security: Revisiting the Limits of Unilateral Force. Leiden Journal of International Law, 36(1), 29-54.
Schmitt, M. N. (2003). Preemptive Strategies in International Law. Michigan Journal of International Law, 24(2), 513-523.
Schmitt, M. N. (2024). Applying the Principles of Proportionality and Precaution to Attacks on Civilian Infrastructure. International Law Studies, 100, 45-67.
Schmitt, M. N., & Ford, C. (2022). Evolving Notions of Anticipatory Self-Defence in Contemporary International Law. International Law Studies, 99, 211-229.
Stockholm International Peace Research, I. (2023). Nuclear Security During Armed Conflict.
United Nations General Assembly. (2023). Letter Dated 20 February 2023 from the Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General.
دانلودها
چاپ شده
شماره
نوع مقاله
مجوز
حق نشر 2025 حسین سرتیپی

این پروژه تحت مجوز بین المللی Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 می باشد.